Congenital heart disease is one of the most common birth defects seen in infants. It refers to a problem in the structure of the heart that is present at birth. These heart defects can involve the walls of the heart, the valves, or the blood vessels near the heart. While some types are simple and require little to no treatment, others are complex and may need multiple surgeries and long-term care
In this article, we will explain what congenital heart disease is, its types, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options, and how it impacts adults. Whether you’re a parent, caregiver, or patient this guide will help you understand the condition and its management
What is Congenital Heart Disease?
Congenital heart disease (CHD) refers to abnormalities in the heart’s structure that develop before birth. These problems occur when the heart or blood vessels don’t form properly during fetal development. The congenital heart disease definition includes conditions ranging from simple holes between heart chambers to more severe malformations affecting blood flow.
CHD may be detected before birth, right after birth, during childhood, or even in adulthood. Some people live for years without symptoms and are diagnosed much later.
Congenital Heart Disease Classification
Doctors classify congenital heart disease into two main categories:
1. Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease
This type of CHD does not typically cause cyanosis (a bluish color of the skin). Blood flows abnormally, but enough oxygen reaches the body. Common conditions under acyanotic congenital heart disease include:
- Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
- Atrial septal defect (ASD)
- Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
- Coarctation of the aorta
2. Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease
Here, the heart defect causes oxygen-poor blood to bypass the lungs and mix with oxygen-rich blood, leading to cyanosis. These cases are more serious. Common types of cyanotic congenital heart disease include:
- Tetralogy of Fallot
- Transposition of the great arteries
- Tricuspid atresia
- Total anomalous pulmonary venous return
These categories help guide doctors in treatment and prognosis.
Common Symptoms of Congenital Heart Disease
Symptoms may vary depending on the type and severity of the defect. In babies and children, look out for:
- Blue-tinged skin, lips, or nails (cyanosis)
- Rapid breathing or breathlessness
- Fatigue during feeding
- Poor weight gain
- Repeated chest infections
- Swelling in legs, belly, or around eyes
In some cases, mild CHDs may go unnoticed until adulthood. Adult congenital heart disease symptoms can include:
- Shortness of breath during activity
- Irregular heartbeats or palpitations
- Dizziness or fainting spells
- Swelling in lower limbs
- Chest pain or pressure
If you notice any of these signs, consult a heart specialist in Delhi or your nearest cardiologist.
Causes and Risk Factors
The exact cause of most congenital heart defects is not known. However, several factors may increase the risk:
- Genetic conditions such as Down syndrome
- Viral infections during pregnancy (like rubella)
- Use of alcohol or drugs during pregnancy
- Poorly controlled diabetes in the mother
- Smoking during pregnancy
- Certain medications taken during early pregnancy
Research shows that both genetic and environmental factors play a role in how the heart forms.
How Is It Diagnosed?
Diagnosis usually begins with a clinical evaluation and a review of symptoms. A pediatrician may notice a heart murmur or abnormal breathing pattern. Common tests used to diagnose congenital heart disease include:
- Echocardiogram: A soundwave-based test that shows heart structure and function.
- Electrocardiogram (ECG): Measures heart rhythm and electrical activity.
- Chest X-ray: Helps view the heart’s size and shape.
- Cardiac MRI or CT Scan: Offers detailed imaging of heart structures.
- Cardiac catheterization: Helps check for abnormal blood flow or pressure in the heart chambers.
Early diagnosis can help in planning effective treatment and managing symptoms.
Treatment for Congenital Heart Disease in Delhi
Treatment depends on the type and severity of the condition. Many children with mild CHDs may not need any treatment. However, others may require medications, procedures, or surgeries.
1. Medications
Medicines help improve heart function or treat symptoms. These include:
- Diuretics to reduce fluid buildup
- ACE inhibitors to lower blood pressure
- Beta-blockers for heart rhythm issues
These may be used long-term or as part of a larger treatment plan.
2. Interventional Procedures
Some heart defects can be treated using catheter-based procedures. These include:
- Balloon angioplasty to open narrowed valves or vessels
- Device closure for holes like ASD or VSD
These are less invasive than surgery and offer faster recovery.
3. Surgery
In more severe cases, open-heart surgery may be needed to:
- Repair or replace valves
- Close holes in the heart
- Redirect blood flow
Some children may need multiple surgeries over time.
4. Heart Transplant
In rare and severe cases, where other treatments don’t work, a heart transplant may be considered.
Living with Congenital Heart Disease
Many people with CHD can lead full lives with proper care. Regular follow-ups are essential. This helps track heart function, prevent complications, and adjust treatment as needed.
Adults with CHD need specialized care from adult congenital heart disease programs. Lifestyle changes, a heart-healthy diet, regular exercise, and medication adherence are important.
Women with CHD who wish to become pregnant should consult a cardiologist for a safe pregnancy plan.
How is It Different from Acquired Heart Disease?
Unlike heart disease caused by lifestyle factors like smoking or high cholesterol, congenital heart disease is present at birth. However, over time, people with CHD may also develop acquired heart conditions.
That’s why regular monitoring is vital, especially if you’ve had a repair surgery or continue to have symptoms.
Prevention and Parental Guidance
While not all cases are preventable, steps can reduce the risk:
- Ensure proper prenatal care
- Get vaccinated before pregnancy (especially rubella)
- Avoid alcohol, tobacco, and certain medications
- Manage diabetes or other chronic illnesses during pregnancy
- Genetic counseling if there’s a family history of heart defects
Support groups and counseling help parents cope with a diagnosis and care needs.
Advances in CHD Treatment in Delhi
Modern healthcare has improved survival and outcomes in CHD. With newer surgical techniques and better medications, many children live into adulthood and beyond. In India, cities like Delhi offer advanced care facilities.
If you’re looking for a Heart hospital in Delhi, you’ll find top-tier expertise and treatment plans tailored to each patient. The city is home to excellent infrastructure and cardiac specialists experienced in treating both children and adults with congenital conditions.
Congenital heart disease is a lifelong condition, but with early diagnosis and the right care, patients can enjoy healthy lives. Understanding the congenital heart disease classification helps guide treatment. Whether it’s cyanotic or acyanotic congenital heart disease, each type needs a tailored approach.
If you or your child shows signs like breathing trouble, fatigue, or blue lips, don’t delay a consultation. Look for a heart specialist in Delhi or connect with hospitals known for cardiac care.
Kalra Hospitals, known as a leading heart hospital in Delhi, offers advanced diagnostic tools, surgical interventions, and expert cardiac teams to manage all types of congenital heart diseases. Our focus on compassionate and comprehensive care makes us a trusted name in heart health.
To book an appointment or learn more, visit Kalra Hospitals.